工业搬迁企业原场地土壤Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr污染研究

针对城市建成区工业企业搬迁原生产场地土壤污染问题，采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和地累积指数法等方法，对原场地土壤中Pb、Cd、Hg和Cr污染程度进行研究。研究结果表明:单因子指数法评价土壤中Cd元素是主要污染因子，属于重污染；Pb元素为中污染；Hg、Cr元素为未污染。内梅罗指数法评价土壤中 Pb、Cd和Hg元素为重度污染，Cr元素为安全；点位1、11和13为重度污染，点位7为中度污染，其他为轻度污染、警戒及安全。地累积指数法评价土壤中Cd元素为偏中污染，Pb元素为轻度污染；Hg和Cr元素为清洁；点位1为中度污染，点位11和点位13为轻度污染，其他点位污染等级为清洁。     

改良剂对重金属污染根际土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

针对现阶段土壤中重金属污染较为严重的问题及各类修复方法各有利弊的现状,分析了近年来相关学者对于改良剂对重金属污染根际土壤理化性质影响的研究进展,研究了常见有机和无机改良剂对重金属胁迫下根际土壤pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、酶活性、化学性质、微生物菌落种群等理化性质的影响以及对重金属的化学沉淀和溶解平衡的影响。后期应加强超富集植物与一般植物根际、非根际理化性质的差异研究;土壤中重金属种类及污染程度与根际土壤理化性质的关系研究;土壤中其他环境因子的影响以及根际土壤中重金属的作用机理方面的研究。     

Influence of Pluronic coating formulation on iron oxide nanoparticle transport in natural and oil-impacted sandy aquifer media

Targeted delivery of nanoparticles has the potential to enhance remediation and characterization of sites contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) by ensuring delivery of treatment or contrast agents to the NAPL/water interface. For a targeted delivery technique to be successful, nanoparticles must be capable of transporting through porous media and binding to NAPLs under relevant geological conditions. In this study, successful targeted delivery of nanoparticles to sandy aquifer material mixed with crude oil was achieved using an active targeting technique based on an amphiphilic polymer coating. It was determined that the molecular structure and concentration of the nanoparticle coating greatly influenced the recovery of nanoparticles injected into saturated columns. Coatings with longer polymer molecules and lower polymer concentrations reduced recovery, and the nanoparticle coating formulation could be adjusted to improve transport while maintaining targeted binding behaviour. This study demonstrated that nanoparticle retention in oil-impacted sand exceeded that of clean sand in flow through experiments, indicating that a nanoparticle targeted delivery strategy for soil contaminated with LNAPLs such as crude oil is possible under the experimental conditions explored.     

草地退化对土壤理化性质的影响

文章以张家川县不同退化程度草地为研究对象,探讨草地退化对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:土壤密度和含水量均随着草地退化程度的增加而下降,有机碳和速效磷则随着草地退化程度增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。同时,不同退化程度的草地0~2.5 cm层土壤全氮和全磷含量基本均高于深层,土壤全钾含量在2.5~5 cm层高于其他层。总之,草地退化影响着土壤理化性质。     

不同堆置状态粗粒土剪切强度试验研究

为研究不同堆置条件下排土场粗粒土的力学响应规律, 开展了终排土体固结排水三轴压缩试验和在排土体快剪试验。研究结果表明, 土体固结排水三轴压缩应力-应变曲线呈现先弹性后屈服再弱硬化的规律, 体积-应变曲线有拐点, 低围压时先剪缩后剪胀, 高围压时以剪缩为主。在排土体快剪试验具有峰值强度, 100~400 kPa时, 峰值强度出现在剪切位移20%~30%之间, 且剪应力-位移曲线呈弱化趋势; 600~1 200 kPa时, 峰值强度出现在剪切位移30%~40%, 随剪切位移增加, 土体抗剪强度基本保持恒定或略有增大。不同堆置状态排土体抗剪强度参数取值各不相同。     

土壤硝酸盐中15N同位素测定前处理自动化辅助装置设计和验证

随着稳定同位素质谱技术在土壤氮循环研究中的广泛应用,氮稳定同位素分析对样品前处理方法提出了更高要求,而合适的样品处理方法是确保分析结果准确可靠的关键。设计开发1种适用于土壤微量硝酸盐中氮稳定同位素分析前处理辅助装置,将基于光电感应装置的自动进样系统与注液、抽真空-气体置换系统相融合,将原前处理方法中液体试剂注入,反应体系抽真空及氦气置换等人为操作过程改为自动化处理环节。系统测试结果表明:该套辅助装置具有良好的自动抽真空、注气和加液重复性。装置抽真空系统的真空度绝对误差可控制在0.5 Pa以内,气体注入体积绝对误差可控制在0.2 mL以内,而注液系统的注液体积绝对误差也可控制在0.1 mL以内,变异系数(CV)均小于1%。使用标准参比样品测试整套系统的准确度和精密度,所有测试样品均获得了较好的准确度和精密度,CV<1%。研制的装置结合痕量气体预浓缩装置—稳定同位素质谱(PreCon-IRMS)联用仪,可以建立方便快捷的低样品量下硝酸盐中15 N同位素质谱检测方法,可为土壤氮循环过程研究提供关键技术支撑。     

典型油泥物化性质分析及其处理工艺研究

以典型老化油泥为研究对象,通过分析油泥的基本物化性质、油泥中原油的基本组成及性质、油泥中固相的基本组成及性质等信息,针对性地开发了一种分层次联合处理工艺,并通过详细的工艺试验,确定了联合处理方案的最佳工艺参数,在最佳工艺条件下,三层油泥的尾矿干基含油率分别可降低到0.89%、0.62%和0.45%,满足油田对油泥的环保处理要求,为国内外油泥处理方案设计提供了良好的思路。     

贵州省望谟县耕地土壤重金属含量特征及影响因素

伴随社会经济快速发展，土壤重金属污染越来越成为人们关注的环境问题。为有效预防土壤重金属污染，以贵州省望谟县耕地表层土壤为研究对象，应用经典统计分析、相关性分析等方法，研究重金属元素含量特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明，该地区耕地土壤重金属元素Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni含量较高，均高于全国背景值，其含量主要受成土母质影响，在泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系的碳酸盐岩分布区平均含量较高，在陆源碎屑岩分布区含量普遍较低。该研究结果为该县耕地种植规划和农产品结构调整等提供了依据。     

含油污泥资源化处理方法进展

为更好地回收含油污泥（即油泥）中可用资源，国内外油泥资源化处理方法不断更新和突破，并在室内实验研究阶段取得较好的处理效果。本文从油泥的高温热处理法、常温法、低温冻融法三个方面综述了热解、微波、萃取等油泥资源化处理方法的研究进展、优缺点以及适用条件等。热解法油品回收率达95.8%，具有油泥处置彻底、油品回收质量高的特点。电动力学法处理油泥，油泥减量化达44.3%，采用浮选法，油泥减量化达95%，两种方法均具有操作简单、易实施、适合大批量处理的特点，工程化应用潜力较大。油泥来源不同，性质各异，采用单一技术难以实现大量油泥的资源化和无害化目标。多项技术联合，如热解法联合浮选法或电动力学法处理大规模油泥能提高油品回收率和质量，降低残油率和处理成本，将成为油泥资源化处理技术的发展方向。     

Predicting the settlement of geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundations using evolutionary artificial intelligence technique

In order to ensure safe and sustainable design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundation (GRSF), settlement prediction is a challenging task for practising civil/geotechnical engineers. In this paper, a new hybrid technique for predicting the settlement of GRSF has been proposed based on the combination of evolutionary algorithm, that is, grey-wolf optimisation (GWO) and artificial neural network (ANN), abbreviated as ANN-GWO model. For this purpose, the reliable pertinent data were generated through numerical simulations conducted on validated large-scale 3-D finite element model. The predictive power of the model was assessed using various well-established statistical indices, and also validated against several independent scientific studies as reported in literature. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the robustness and reliability of the model. The results as obtained have indicated that the developed hybrid ANN-GWO model can estimate the maximum settlement of GRSF under service loads in a reliable and intelligent way, and thus, can be deployed as a predictive tool for the preliminary design of GRSF. Finally, the model was translated into functional relationship which can be executed without the need of any expensive computer-based program.